@article{474854,
  author         = {Rebecca Grollemund and Simon Branford and Koen Bostoen and Andrew Meade and Chris Venditti and Mark Pagel},
  journal        = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  number         = {43},
  pages          = {13296-13301+1-5},
  publisher      = {National Academy of Sciences},
  title          = {Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals},
  url            = {http://www.pnas.org/content/112/43/13296},
  volume         = {112},
  year           = {2015},
  abstract       = {Unlike most other biological species, humans can use cultural innovations to occupy a range of environments, raising the intriguing question of whether human migrations move relatively independently of habitat or show pBooks for familiar ones. The Bantu expansion that swept out of West Central Africa beginning ∼5,000 y ago is one of the most influential cultural events of its kind, eventually spreading over a vast geographical area a new way of life in which farming played an increasingly important role. We use a new dated phylogeny of ∼400 Bantu languages to show that migrating Bantu-speaking populations did not expand from their ancestral homeland in a "random walk" but, rather, followed emerging savannah corridors, with rainforest habitats repeatedly imposing temporal barriers to movement. When populations did move from savannah into rainforest, rates of migration were slowed, delaying the occupation of the rainforest by on average 300 y, compared with similar migratory movements exclusively within savannah or within rainforest by established rainforest populations. Despite unmatched abilities to produce innovations culturally, unfamiliar habitats significantly alter the route and pace of human dispersals.},
  bestfn         = {africa\grollemund_bantu2015v2_o.pdf},
  besttxt        = {ptxt2\africa\grollemund_bantu2015.txt},
  citekeys       = {langsci307:grollemund2015 langsci383:grollemundetal2015},
  fn             = {africa\grollemund_bantu2015_o.pdf, africa\grollemund_bantu2015v2_o.pdf, africa\grollemund_bantu2015v3_o.pdf, africa\grollemund_bantu2015.pdf},
  hhtype         = {overview;comparative},
  inlg           = {English [eng]},
  isreferencedby = {langsci307 langsci383},
  lgcode         = {Fefe_Grassfields = Fe'fe' [fmp], Mungaka_Grassfields = Mungaka [mhk], Bamun_Grassfields = Bamun [bax], Kom_Grassfields = Kom (Cameroon) [bkm], Oku_Grassfields = Oku [oku], Aghem_Grassfields = Aghem [agq], Njen_Grassfields = Njen [njj], Moghamo_Grassfields = Meta' [mgo], Tiv_Tivoid = Tiv [tiv], A11_Londo = Oroko [bdu], A121_Mbonge = Oroko [bdu], A122_Bakundu = Oroko [bdu], A141_Lefo = Bafaw-Balong [bwt], A15_Manenguba = Bakaka [bqz], A15A_Mbuu = Mbo (Cameroon) [mbo], A15B_Mienge_NW_Manenguba = Bassossi [bsi], A15C_Elung_Central_Manenguba = Akoose [bss], A15C_Akossi = Akoose [bss], A15C_Mkaa = Bakaka [bqz], A151_Nkongho = Nkongho [nkc], A22_Bakweri = Mokpwe [bri], A24_Duala = Duala [dua], A27_Malimba = Malimba [mzd], A31_Bubi = Bube [bvb], A32C_Batanga = Batanga [bnm], A33a_Yasa = Yasa [yko], A34_Benga = Benga [bng], A41_Barombi-Kang = Barombi [bbi], A42_Abo = Bankon [abb], A43a_Basaa = Basa (Cameroon) [bas], A44_Tunen = Tunen [tvu], A45_Nyokon = Nyokon [nvo], A46_Nomaande = Nomaande [lem], A462_Yambeta = Yambeta [yat], A51_Bafia_maja = Bafia [ksf], A53_Bafia_rikpa = Bafia [ksf], A54_Tibea = Tibea [ngy], A601_Tuki = Tuki [bag], A61_Ngoro-Asom = Bebele [beb] see Guarisma and Paulian 1986, A61_Ngoro-Bisoo = Eton [eto] see Guarisma and Paulian 1986, A61_Ngoro-lunda possibly Eton [eto] see Guarisma and Paulian 1986, A62A_Nuasue = Yangben [yav], A62A_Nukalonge = Yangben [yav], A62B_Mmala = Mmaala [mmu], A62C_Libie = Elip [ekm], A621_Nubaca = Nubaca [baf], A622_Nugunu = Nugunu (Cameroon) [yas], A63_Mangisa = Eton-Mengisa [eto], Zaambo_Jarawan = Mbula-Bwazza [mbu], Bwazza_Jarawan = Mbula-Bwazza [mbu], Mbula_Jarawan = Mbula-Bwazza [mbu], Bile_Jarawan = Bile [bil], Kulung_Jarawan = Kulung (Nigeria) [bbu], Duguri_Jarawan = Duguri [dbm], A71_Eton = Eton-Mengisa [eto], A72a_Ewondo = Ewondo [ewo], A74a_Bulu = Bulu (Cameroon) [bum], A75a_Fang_Bitam = Fang (Equatorial Guinea) [fan], A75a_Fang_Minvoul = Fang (Equatorial Guinea) [fan], A75a_Fang_Medouneu = Fang (Equatorial Guinea) [fan], A803_Shiwa = Shiwa [NOCODE_Shiwa], A81_Kwasio = Kwasio [nmg], A83_Mekaa = Makaa [mcp], A832_Bekol = Kol (Cameroon) [biw], A84_Njem = Njyem [njy], A841_Badwe = Koonzime [ozm], A85b_Bekwil_Makokou = Bekwil [bkw], A85b_Bekwil_Mv = Bekwil [bkw], A86c_Mpiemo = Mpiemo [mcx], A87_Bomwali = Bomwali [bmw], A91_Kwakum = Kwakum [kwu], A93_Kako = Kako [kkj], B11a_Mpongwe = Myene [mye], B11b_Orungu = Myene [mye], B11c_Galwa = Myene [mye], B11d_Dyumba = Myene [mye], B11F_Enenga = Myene [mye], B31_Tsogo = Tsogo [tsv], B32_Kande = Kande [kbs], B301_Viya = Viya [gev], B302_Himba = Simba [sbw], B304_Pinzi = Pinji [pic], B305_Vove = Bubi [buw], B21_Seki = Seki [syi], B22a_Kele = Kélé [keb], B22b_Ngom = Ngom [nra], B22b_Koya = Ngom [nra], B22E_Mwesa = Mwesa [NOCODE_Mwesa], B23_Mbangwe = Mbangwe [zmn], B24_Wumbvu = Wumbvu [wum], B25_Kota = Kota (Gabon) [koq], B251_Shake = Sake [sak], B252_Mahongwe = Mahongwe [mhb], B201_Ndasa = Ndasa [nda], B202_Sigu = Sighu [sxe], B203_Samaye = Osamayi [syx], B204_Ndambomo_Li = Ndambomo [nxo], B204_Ndambomo_Mbadi = Ndambomo [nxo], B204_Ndambomo_Massoukou = Ndambomo [nxo], C101_Babole_Ep taken from Leitch 2004 [1989] Epena (cf. Grollemund 2012) but this is Bomitaba (Nord) not Dibole = Bomitaba [zmx], C101_Babole_Ma = Dibole [bvx], C101_Babole_Dz = Dibole [bvx], C104_Aka = Yaka (Central African Republic) [axk], C105_Mbenga (presumably mislabeled as C105 since it fails to subgroup with C104_Aka) = This is probably Mbinga of Motingea Mangulu and Bonzoi Mwamakasa (2008) = Mabaale [mmz], C141_Bonyala = Mbosi [mdw], C15_Bongili = Bongili [bui], C21_Ngare = Mboko [mdu], C22_Akwa = Akwa [akw], C24_Koyo = Koyo [koh], C25_Mboshi = Mbosi [mdw], C25A_Bunji = Mbosi [mdw], C25B_Olee = Mbosi [mdw], C25C_Ondinga = Mbosi [mdw], C25E_Eboyi closest to Koyo [koh], C322_Zamba = Zamba [NOCODE_Zamba], C323_Mpama = Mpama [NOCODE_Mpama], C32_Bobangi = Bangi [bni], C34_Sakata = Sakata [skt], C36d_Lingala = Lingala [lin], C41_Ngombe = Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo) [ngc], C43A_Baati = Bwa [bww], C44_Bwa = Bwa [bww], C52_Soko = So (Democratic Republic of Congo) [soc], C55_Lokele = Kele-Foma [khy], C54_Turumba_1919 = Lombo [loo], C52_Soko_1919 = So (Democratic Republic of Congo) [soc], C61_Mongo = Mongo [lol], C61E_Konda = Mongo [lol], C71_Tetela = Tetela [tll], C76_Ombo = Ombo [oml], C81_Dengese = Dengese [dez], C85_Wongo = Wongo [won], C83_Bushong = Bushoong [buf], C302_Bolondo = Bolondo [bzm], C37_Ebudza = Budza [bja], C42_Ebwela = Bwela [bwl], C412_Libobi = Bamwe [bmg], C142_Mondongo = Bamwe [bmg], C36g_Monyongo = Bamwe [bmg], C36g_Mosange = Ndolo [ndl], C401_Pakabete = Pagibete [pae], C401_Babati_1919 = Bwa [bww], D11_Mbole = Mbole [mdq], D12_Lengola = Lengola [lej], D13_Metoko = Mituku [zmq], D14_Enya = Enya [gey], D20B_Vamba_1919 = Amba (Uganda) [rwm], D201_Liko = Liko [lik], D21_Baali = Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo) [bcp], D211_Kango = Kango (Tshopo District) [kzy], D23_Kibira-Kumu_1919 = Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo) [kmw], D24_Songola = Songoora [sod], D25_Lega = Lega-Shabunda [lea], D28_Holoholo = Holoholo [hoo], D304_Homa_1919 = Homa [hom], D305_Nyanga-li probably mislabeled because of the subgrouping and absense of data on the actual D305_Nyanga-li - language data is likely is Nyanga D43 [nyj], D311_Bila = Bila [bip], D331_Bvanuma = Vanuma [vau], D313_Mbuttu_1919 = Budu [buu], *D308_Ebodo groups with Nyali so is D35 Bodo = Budu [buu], D308_Bodo2 groups with Nyali so is D35 Bodo = Budu [buu], D32_Bira from unpublished data by Didier Démolin (cf. Grollemund 2012) which however subgroups with Bila (and Kango) so must be Bila [bip], D32_Bira_Bunia = Bera [brf], D33_Nyali = Nyali [nlj], D333_Ndaaka = Ndaka [ndk], D334_Mbo = Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo) [zmw], D43_Nyanga = Nyanga [nyj], D55_Buyu = Buyu [byi], B41_Shira = Sira [swj], B42_Sangu_Mi = Sangu (Gabon) [snq], B42_Sangu_Mb = Sangu (Gabon) [snq], B43_Punu = Punu [puu], B44_Lumbu = Lumbu [lup], B404_Ngubi = Ngubi [NOCODE_Ngubi], B51_Duma = Duma [dma], B51_Duma_La = Duma [dma], B52_Nzebi = Njebi [nzb], B53_Tsaangi_Poungi = Tsaangi [tsa], B501_Wanzi_E = Wandji [wdd], B501_Wanzi_Mo = Wandji [wdd], B503_Vili = Vili of Ngounie [NOCODE_Vili], B62_Mbaama = Ombamba = Mbere [mdt], B63_Ndumu = Ndumu [nmd], B601_Lempini = Ombamba = Mbere [mdt], B602_Kaningi_Nord = Kaningi [kzo], B602_Kaningi_Sud = Kaningi [kzo], B71a_Teke_Os = Teke-Tege [teg], B71a_Teke_Dj = Teke-Tege [teg], B71aIb_Teke_Ibali_Congo = Ibali Teke [tek], B71aLe_Teke_Leconi = Teke-Tege [teg], B701_Atsitsege = Tsitsege [tck], B77b_Fumu = Teke-Fuumu [ifm], B78_Wuumu = Wuumu-Mpuono [NOCODE_Wuumu-Mpuono], B81_Tiene = Tiene [tii], B85d_Nsongo = Songo [soo], B86_Dzing = Ding [diz], B865_Nzadi = Nzadi [nzd], B861_Ngul = Ngul [nlo], B82_Buma = Boma Nord [NOCODE_Boma-Nord], B86_Dinga = Ding [diz], B84_Mbunda should be B87 = Mbuun [zmp], B85_Yanzi = Yansi [yns], B85e_Mput closest to Ding [diz], B862_Lwel = Lwel [lvl], B864_Ngong = Ngongo [noq], B863_Pindi = Mpiin = Nsong [soo], H11_Beembe = Beembe [beq], H111_Hangala = Laari [ldi], H12_Civili_Congo = Vili [vif], H16_Kikongo = South-Central Kikongo [kng], H16c_Yombe should be H12 = Vili [vif], H16f_Laadi = Laari [ldi], H16g_Ntandu = Eastern Kikongo [NOCODE_Eastern-Kikongo], H31_Yaka = Yaka-Pelende-Lonzo [yaf], H321_Soonde = Sonde [shc], H32_Suku = Suku [sub], H41_Mbala = Mbala [mdp], H42_Hunganna = Hungana [hum], H16a_Kisikongo_2013 = South-Central Kikongo [kng], H16a_Kisolongo_DRC_2012 = South-Central Kikongo [kng], H16b_Kindibu_2013 = South-Central Kikongo [kng], H16g_Kimpangu_2012 = Eastern Kikongo [NOCODE_Eastern-Kikongo], H16h_Kinkanu_2012 = Eastern Kikongo [NOCODE_Eastern-Kikongo], H16d_Ciwoyo_DRC_2012 = Western Kikongo [kwy], H16c_Kiyombe_DRC_1982 = Yombe [yom], H13_Kikunyi_1989 = Kunyi [njx], H131_Kisundi_Congo_Kimongo_1988 = Suundi [sdj], H21a_Kimbundu = Kimbundu [kmb], H16_Cizobe = Yombe [yom], H16_Kimbata_Ngidinga = Eastern Kikongo [NOCODE_Eastern-Kikongo], H16_Kimbeko = Eastern Kikongo [NOCODE_Eastern-Kikongo], H16_Cimbala = Kimbala = Yombe [yom], H16_Cilinji = Yombe [yom], L11_Pende = Phende [pem], L13_Kwese = Kwese [kws], L23_Songe = Songe [sop], L31a_Luba-Kasai = Luba-Lulua [lua], L32_Kanyok = Kanyok [kny], L34_Hemba = Hemba-Yazi [hem], L35_Sanga = Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo) [sng], L41_Kaonde = Kaonde [kqn], L51_Salampasu = Salampasu [slx], L52_Lunda = Lunda [lun], K11_Ciokwe = Chokwe [cjk], K14_Lwena = Luvale [lue], K15_Mbunda = Mbunda [mck], K21_Lozi = Lozi [loz], K31_Luyana = Luyi [lyn], K33_Kwangali = Kwangali [kwn], K332_Rumanyo = Diriku [diu], R11_Umbundu = Umbundu [umb], R21_Kwanyama = Kuanyama [kua], R22_Ndonga = Ndonga [ndo], R31_Herero = Herero [her], L12b_Holu = Holu [hol], L53_Runda = Ruund [rnd], L221_Lwalwa = Lwalu [lwa], L33_Luba-Shaba = Luba-Katanga [lub], L62_Nkoya = Nkoya [nka], JD53_Shi = Shi [shr], JD62_Rundi = Rundi [run], JD64_Shubi = Shubi [suj], JD65_Hangaza = Hangaza [han], JD66_Kiha = Ha [haq], JD67_Kivinza = Vinza [vin], JE11_Runyoro = Nyoro [nyo], JE12_Rutooro = Tooro [ttj], JE13_Runyankore = Nyankole [nyn], JE14_Rukiga = Chiga [cgg], JE15_Luganda = Ganda [lug], JE16_Lusoga = Soga [xog], JE17_Gwere = Gwere [gwr], JE21_Runyambo = Nyambo [now], JE22_Haya = Haya [hay], JE23_Zinza = Zinza [zin], JE24_Kerebe = Kerewe [ked], JE25_Jita = Jita [jit], JE25_Kilegi = Kara (Tanzania) [reg], JE25_Mkwaya = Kwaya [kya], JE31_Lumasaaba = Masaaba [myx], JE31c_Bukusu = Bukusu [bxk], JE32_Luyia might be Saamia [lsm], JE34_Samialugwe = Saamia [lsm], JE401_Ngoreme = Ngurimi [ngq], JE403_Suba = Suba [sxb], JE41_Maragoli = Logooli [rag], JE42_Gusii = Gusii [guz], JE43_Kuria = Kuria [kuj], JE43_Kuria_Mago = Kuria [kuj], JE43_Kuria_Tari = Kuria [kuj], JE44_Zanaki = Zanaki [zak], JE404_Shasi = Ikizu [ikz], JE402_Ikizu = Ikizu [ikz], JE45_Nata = Ikoma-Nata [ntk], E46_Sonjo = Temi [soz], E51_Kikuyu = Kikuyu [kik], E52_Embu = Embu [ebu], E52_Mbeere = Embu [ebu], E53_Meru = Meru [mer], E53_Igoji = Meru [mer], E53_Miutini = Meru [mer], E53_Imenti = Meru [mer], E53_Tigania = Meru [mer], E53_Meruimenti = Meru [mer], E53_Merutig = Meru [mer], E531_Muthambi = Mwimbi-Muthambi [mws], E531_Mwimbi = Mwimbi-Muthambi [mws], E54_Tharaka = Tharaka [thk], E541_Chuka = Chuka [cuh], E55_Kamba = Kamba (Kenya) [kam], E55_Kamba_Mach = Kamba (Kenya) [kam], E55_Kamba_Kitu = Kamba (Kenya) [kam], E56_Daiso = Dhaiso [dhs], E622C_Lema = Vunjo [vun], E621B_Machame = Machame [jmc], E621C_Siha = Machame [jmc], E621D_Kibosho = Machame [jmc], E622A_Kimochi = Mochi [old], E622C_Mamba = Vunjo [vun], E623D_Keni = Rombo [rof], E622C_Vunjo = Vunjo [vun], E623A_Kiseri = Rombo [rof], E623_Mkuu = Rombo [rof], E64_Kahe = Kahe [hka], E65_Gweno = Gweno [gwe], E701_Elwana = Ilwana [mlk], E71A_Upper_Pokomo = Pokomo [pkb], E72a_Giryama = Giryama [nyf], E73_Digo = Digo [dig], E74a_Dawida = Taita [dav], E74a_Tuveta = Taveta [tvs], F12_Bende = Bende [bdp], F21_Ntuzu = Sukuma [suk], F21_Sukuma = Sukuma [suk], F22_Nyamwezi = Nyamwezi [nym], F23_Sumbwa = Sumbwa [suw], F24_Kimbu = Kimbu [kiv], F25_Bungu = Bungu [wun], F31_Nyiramba = Nilamba [nim], F32_Nyaturucha = Nyaturu [rim], F32_Nyaturuwil = Nyaturu [rim], F33_Langi = Langi [lag], G11_Gogo = Gogo [gog], G12_Kagulu = Kagulu [kki], G22_Asu = Asu (Tanzania) [asa], G22A_North_Pare = Asu (Tanzania) [asa], G22B_South_Pare = Asu (Tanzania) [asa], G23_Sambaa = Shambala [ksb], G24_Bondei = Bondei [bou], G32_Doe = Doe [doe], G31_Zigua = Zigula [ziw], G32_Kwere = Kwere [cwe], G33_Zaramo = Zaramo [zaj], G34_Nguungulu = Ngulu [ngp], G35_Luguru = Luguru [ruf], G36_Kami = Kami (Tanzania) [kcu], G37_Kutu = Kutu [kdc], G39_Saghala = Sagala [sbm], G401_Mwani = Mwani [wmw], G41_Bajuni = Swahili [swh], G412_Mwiini = Chimwiini [NOCODE_Chimwiini], G42_Swahili = Swahili [swh], G42a_Amu = Swahili [swh], G42d_Unguja = Swahili [swh], G43_Kae = Swahili [swh], G44a_Ngazija = Ngazidja Comorian [zdj], G44b_Ndzwani = Ndzwani Comorian [wni], G44D_Maore = Maore Comorian [swb], G51_Pogoro = Pogolo [poy], G52_Ndamba = Ndamba [ndj], G61_Sangu = Sangu (Tanzania) [sbp], G62_Hehe = Hehe [heh], G63_Bena = Bena (Tanzania) [bez], G64_Pangwa = Pangwa [pbr], G65_Kinga = Kinga [zga], G66_Wanji = Vwanji [wbi], M11_Pimbwe = Pimbwe [piw], M12_Lungwa = Rungwa [rnw], M13_Fipa = Fipa [fip], M14_Rungu = Mambwe-Lungu [mgr], M15_Mambwe = Mambwe-Lungu [mgr], M21_Ndali = Ndali [ndh], M21_Wanda = Wanda [wbh], M22_Namwanga = Nyamwanga [mwn], M23_Nyiha = Nyiha (Tanzania) [nih], M24_Malila = Malila [mgq], M25_Safwa = Safwa [sbk], M28_Lambya = Lambya [lai], M31_Nyakyusa = Nyakyusa-Ngonde [nyy], M42_Bemba = Bemba (Zambia) [bem], M41_Taabwa = Taabwa [tap], M52_Lala = Lala-Bisa [leb], M54_Lamba = Lamba [lam], M61_Lenje = Lenje [leh], M62_Soli = Soli [sby], M64_Tonga = Tonga [toi], N11_Manda = Manda-Matumba [mgs], N12_Ngoni = Tanzanian Ngoni [xnj], N13_Matengo = Matengo [mgv], N14_Mpoto = Mpoto [mpa], N21_Tumbuka_Malawi = Tumbuka [tum], N31_Chewa = Nyanja [nya], N42_Kunda = Chikunda [kdn], P11_Ndengeleko = Ndengereko [ndg], P12_Rufiji = Ndengereko [ndg], P13_Matumbi = Matumbi [mgw], P14_Ngindo = Ngindo [nnq], P15_Mbunga = Mbunga [mgy], P21_Yao = Yao [yao], P22_Mwera = Mwera (Chimwera) [mwe], P23_Simakonde = Makonde [kde], P25_Mabia = Makonde [kde], P31_Emakhua = Makhuwa [vmw], P31G_Ikorovere = Makhuwa-Meetto [mgh], S11_Shona = Shona [sna], S16_Kalanga = Kalanga [kck], S21_Venda = Venda [ven], S31_Tswana = Tswana [tsn], S311_Shekgalagari = Kgalagadi [xkv], S41_Xhosa = Xhosa [xho], S42_Zulu = Zulu [zul], S44_Ndebele because of its placement in the tree (nearest sister of Zulu) is probably a mislabeled S407 nbl South Ndebele = Zulu [zul], S51_Tshwa = Tswa [tsc], S53_Tsonga = Tsonga [tso]},
  macro_area     = {Africa},
  src            = {evobib, hh, langsci}
}