Spoken L1 Language: Kituba (Congo)

AES status:
not endangered
Source:
David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Robinson, Alison J. 2026
Comment:
Kituba (mkw-mkw) = 3 (Wider communication). Statutory language of national identity (2002, Constitution, Article 6), recognized as lingua franca. Established in large towns during colonial period between 1885 and 1960. Used throughout the south in churches, the market, and media and one of the 2 national languages.
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