@phdthesis{82983,
  address               = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia},
  author                = {Brainard, Sherri L.},
  booktitle             = {Voice and Inversion},
  editor                = {Givón, T.},
  pages                 = {xv+437},
  publisher             = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
  school                = {Eugene: University of Oregon},
  title                 = {Voice and Ergativity in Karao},
  url                   = {https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.28.17bra},
  year                  = {1994},
  abstract              = {This study is an investigation of voice and ergativity in Karao, an Austronesian language of the Northern Philippines. Karao has a typical Philippine-type voice system. The voice system of Philippine languages has been the subject of debate for nearly ninety years. Linguists investigating Philippine languages continue to disagree about fundamental issues such as which verbal clause type is the transitive construction, which argument is the subject or even if Philippine languages have subjects, and whether nominal markers follow a nominative or an ergative case marking pattern. The purpose of this study is to examine the structures and functions of the Karao voice system and to relate the findings to previous investigations of voice systems in other Philippine languages and to two general issues in linguistics: nominative and ergative typology, and the grammatical relations subject and object. The major claims of the study are that Karao is a morphologically ergative language; it has two grammatical relations, a weak subject and a strong object; and it has a mixed pattern of syntactic control in which the subject controls two syntactic processes and the object controls all other syntactic processes. Both structural and functional criteria are employed in the analysis of the Karao voice system. A structural analysis of the morphosyntax of clause types encoding semantically transitive verbs suggests that what has traditionally been referred to as the 'goal-focus' construction is the transitive construction. This analysis is supported by an investigation of the voice functions of clause types based on various quantitative measures applied to natural text. Verb affixes are analyzed as having a semantic role function; specifically, an affix on the verb identifies the semantic role of the absolutive NP. The correlation between verb classes, semantic roles, and verb affixes is accounted for by means of a restricted version of localist case grammar which limits the core semantic roles of verbs to agent, theme, and location. Grammatical relations and patterns of syntactic control are identified by investigating a range of coding properties and syntactic processes.},
  adviser               = {DeLancey, Scott},
  bestfn                = {papua\brainard_karao1994_o.pdf},
  besttxt               = {ptxt2\papua\brainard_karao1994_o.txt},
  cfn                   = {papua\brainard_karao1994_o.pdf},
  citekeys              = {cldf4:styp_Brainard_Karao},
  class_loc             = {PL5867},
  country               = {Philippines [PH]},
  degree                = {PhD},
  digital_formats       = {PDF 12.88Mb image-only PDF},
  document_type         = {B},
  doi                   = {10.1075/tsl.28.17bra},
  fn                    = {papua\brainard_karao1994.pdf, papua\brainard_karao1994_o.pdf},
  hhtype                = {grammar_sketch;specific_feature},
  inlg                  = {English [eng]},
  isreferencedby        = {cldf4},
  lgcode                = {Karao [kyj]},
  macro_area            = {Papunesia},
  mpi_eva_library_shelf = {PL 5867 BRA 2005},
  oclc                  = {702454541},
  sil_id                = {38907},
  source                = {DAI-A 55/08, p. 2364, Feb 1995},
  src                   = {benjamins, cldf, hh, mpieva, sil16},
  subject               = {LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS (0290)},
  subject_headings      = {Karao language, Karao language},
  umi_id                = {9434766}
}