@phdthesis{115614,
  address               = {London},
  author                = {Holm, John Alexander},
  booktitle             = {The Creole English of Nicaragua’s Miskito Coast: Its sociolinguistic history and a comparative study of its syntax and lexicon},
  key                   = {Holm 1978},
  note                  = {Ph.D. dissertation, University of London},
  pages                 = {639},
  publisher             = {University of London},
  school                = {University College London},
  title                 = {The Creole English of Nicaragua's Miskito Coast: Its Sociolinguistic History and A Comparative Study of Its Lexicon and Syntax},
  type                  = {Bibliographical record},
  url                   = {https://books.google.de/books?id=WLIHAQAAIAAJ},
  year                  = {1978},
  abstract              = {Miskito Coast Creole English has evolved on Nicaragua's isolated Caribbean shore from the collision of the languages spoken in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by British settlers, their African slaves, the Miskito Indians, and later the Spanish-speakers who seized the area in 1894. This thesis examines how social and political changes shaped the language's development. MCC has been isolated from standard English for nearly two centuries, and its syntax is clearly that of a distinct linguistic system. Its lexicon has evolved largely from English, however. Many words are nautical, regional (especially Northcountry and Scots), or now obsolete; others are formally, semantically, or syntactically distinct from their English etyma, or occur in new combinations. But for natural and cultural phenomena unknown in Britain, MCC also has hundreds of words from African languages, Miskito, and Spanish. These words are organized into sentences whose structure is a compromise between English and African languages. A syntactic comparison of MCC with Yoruba and Mandinka reveals close parallels in the verbal system and use of copulas. Syntactically, MCC seems to be a link between such West African languages and the nearly decreolized vernacular Black English of the United States. Today MCC is spoken as a first language by Nicaragua's Creoles, Caribs, and Rama Indians (who have evolved a distinct variety). It is the usual second language of the Miskito, and is often learned by Spanish-speakers on the Coast. MCC is losing ground to Spanish, which is now the language of government and education and has begun to influence MCC syntactically as well as lexically. Fieldwork was done in Nicaragua in 1976; the linguistic data from informants, compared with corresponding features in related languages, has been set against extensive historical evidence (from both primary and secondary sources) to trace the development of Miskito Coast Creole within its social setting.},
  bestfn                = {north_america\holm_miskito-creole1978_o.pdf},
  besttxt               = {ptxt2\north_america\holm_nicaraguas1978_o.txt},
  cfn                   = {north_america\holm_miskito-creole1978_o.pdf},
  citekeys              = {cldf2:636 cldf4:g_Holm_Miskito-Creole},
  class_loc             = {PE3301},
  degree                = {PhD},
  delivered             = {north_america\holm_miskito-creole1978_o.pdf},
  digital_formats       = {PDF 47.54Mb image-only PDF},
  document_type         = {B},
  fn                    = {north_america\holm_miskito-creole1978_o.pdf, north_america\holm_nicaraguas1978_o.pdf, north_america\holm_nicaraguas1978.pdf, north_america\holm _miskito1982_o.pdf},
  hhtype                = {grammar},
  inlg                  = {English [eng]},
  isreferencedby        = {cldf4 cldf2},
  lgcode                = {Nicaragua Creole English [bzk]},
  macro_area            = {North America},
  mpi_eva_library_shelf = {PE 3301 HOL 2007},
  mpifn                 = {miskito_holm1982_o.pdf},
  source                = {DAI-A 42/11, p. 4816, May 1982},
  src                   = {cldf, hh, mpieva},
  subject               = {LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS (0290)},
  subject_headings      = {English language – Dialects – Nicaragua, English language – Dialects – Nicaragua},
  umi_id                = {8208490},
  version               = {1}
}